These three words get used interchangeably, but they mean very different things, and getting them wrong risks both greenwashing and confused customers. Here's what each really means for UK packaging.
Recyclable
Recyclable means the material can be collected, processed and made into something new. For UK businesses, the practical test is whether it's accepted in kerbside or widely-available recycling.
Kraft, corrugated and clean paper score well. Plastics vary by type and local facilities, so 'recyclable' should mean 'widely recyclable in the UK', not 'technically recyclable somewhere'.
Compostable
Compostable means the item breaks down into natural matter under composting conditions, leaving no harmful residue. There are two grades: industrially compostable (needs a commercial facility) and home compostable (breaks down in a garden compost bin).
Bagasse and many paper-based items are compostable. Always state which grade you mean, and check it against recognised standards.
Biodegradable
Biodegradable simply means the material will eventually break down by biological action, but it doesn't say how long it takes or under what conditions, and it isn't a regulated, time-bound claim like 'compostable'.
Because it's vague, 'biodegradable' on its own is the weakest claim and the easiest to challenge. Prefer 'recyclable' or 'compostable (home/industrial)' with evidence.
Which should you choose?
For most UK foodservice and retail, lead with widely-recyclable fibre packaging, and use certified compostable options (especially bagasse) for hot, wet or oily food where recycling is impractical.
Avoid relying on 'biodegradable' alone in your marketing. Be specific, keep evidence, and your sustainability claims will hold up.